A few days ago my eyes began to itch. Grass and tree pollen trigger allergies that will continue until the first frost.
But pollen is a necessary evil. It is essential for the reproduction of flowering plants. Pollen originates in the stamens of flowers. It is essentially the sperm that must reach another flower's pistols to fertilize its eggs. When that happens, seeds and fruits form via sexual reproduction.
Many plants, especially grasses and trees, are pollinated by the wind, which carries pollen from one flower to another. Allergy sufferers inhale windborne pollen incidentally, and symptoms ensue.
Pollination by animals is what I find more interesting. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, animal pollinators fertilize more than 150 different kinds of agricultural products including apples, blueberries, melons, peaches, potatoes, pumpkins and almonds. The value of natural pollination is estimated at about $40 billion annually.
Worldwide, about 1,000 species of plants that humans use for food, beverages, fibers, spices and medicines rely on animal pollinators. That list includes coffee, cacao (chocolate), vanilla and tequila.
The mechanism of wind pollination is self-evident. Wind blows pollen from one flower to another and the pollen (sperm) finds the eggs. Pollination by animals requires direct contact between pollinator and flower.
To attract pollinators, flowers must provide a lure -- nectar. Insects and some birds and mammals find it irresistible. Some pollinators, such as honeybees also use pollen as a food source.
When a pollinator visits a flower, pollen grains attach to their bodies as they sip nectar. When they visit the next flower, some pollen rubs off to fertilize the flower. And they pick up new pollen from the new flower. Since most pollinators visit thousands of flowers every day, this is an effective strategy that works even when there is no wind.
Pollination is classic mutualism. Flowers provide food to the pollinators, and flowers get fertilized. It's win-win.
To appreciate the diversity of pollinators, observe some blooming flowers to enter the world of pollination ecology. Myriad bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, beetles, true bugs and flies transfer pollen from flower to flower. Hummingbirds pollinate the flowers they visit, too. And though we have only the ruby-throated hummingbird here in the east, hummingbird diversity increases to the south and west. For example, 18 species of hummers are found in Arizona, and 132 species of hummingbirds inhabit Ecuador. All can pollinate their nectar sources.
A few days ago my eyes began to itch. Grass and tree pollen trigger allergies that will continue until the first frost.
But pollen is a necessary evil. It is essential for the reproduction of flowering plants. Pollen originates in the stamens of flowers. It is essentially the sperm that must reach another flower's pistols to fertilize its eggs. When that happens, seeds and fruits form via sexual reproduction.
Many plants, especially grasses and trees, are pollinated by the wind, which carries pollen from one flower to another. Allergy sufferers inhale windborne pollen incidentally, and symptoms ensue.
Pollination by animals is what I find more interesting. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, animal pollinators fertilize more than 150 different kinds of agricultural products including apples, blueberries, melons, peaches, potatoes, pumpkins and almonds. The value of natural pollination is estimated at about $40 billion annually.
Worldwide, about 1,000 species of plants that humans use for food, beverages, fibers, spices and medicines rely on animal pollinators. That list includes coffee, cacao (chocolate), vanilla and tequila.
The mechanism of wind pollination is self-evident. Wind blows pollen from one flower to another and the pollen (sperm) finds the eggs. Pollination by animals requires direct contact between pollinator and flower.
To attract pollinators, flowers must provide a lure -- nectar. Insects and some birds and mammals find it irresistible. Some pollinators, such as honeybees also use pollen as a food source.
When a pollinator visits a flower, pollen grains attach to their bodies as they sip nectar. When they visit the next flower, some pollen rubs off to fertilize the flower. And they pick up new pollen from the new flower. Since most pollinators visit thousands of flowers every day, this is an effective strategy that works even when there is no wind.
Pollination is classic mutualism. Flowers provide food to the pollinators, and flowers get fertilized. It's win-win.
To appreciate the diversity of pollinators, observe some blooming flowers to enter the world of pollination ecology. Myriad bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, beetles, true bugs and flies transfer pollen from flower to flower. Hummingbirds pollinate the flowers they visit, too. And though we have only the ruby-throated hummingbird here in the east, hummingbird diversity increases to the south and west. For example, 18 species of hummers are found in Arizona, and 132 species of hummingbirds inhabit Ecuador. All can pollinate their nectar sources.
Bats are another significant group of pollinators, though their impact is confined to the desert southwest and Latin America. Recently one South American bat became my favorite pollinator.
The first episode of a new series on the National Geographic channel, "Untamed Americas," focused on mountain forests. The program featured, among other things, the tube-lipped nectar bat. The small, inconspicuous bat was only discovered in 2005 by Dr. Nathan Muchhala's research team. They were studying other nectivorous bats when they discovered this amazing little creature.
It lives in the cloud forests of Ecuador, Columbia and Bolivia and nectars at a type of bellflower in the familiy Campanulaceae. The plant does not even have a common name, and it's far from a typical flower.
This bellflower is a green tube about 3.5 inches deep and opens only at night. It produces lots of nectar and a strong odor, which helps tube-lipped nectar bats find it. The bat is only about 2.5 inches long. Getting nectar from this flower seems impossible -- until you see the bat's tongue.
On the first episode of "Untamed Americas" (check listings for when it repeats), amazing footage shows the bat sipping nectar from what must be a glass tube inserted into a flower. As the bat hovers to drink, it unfurls its 3.3-inch tongue. Its tongue is longer than its body. If we had such tongues, they would be nine feet long!
When not sipping nectar, the tube-lipped nectar bat stores its tongue in its rib cage. Only anteaters, which use extremely long sticky tongues to capture ants, store their tongues in a similar manner.
To promote pollinators in your own backyard, the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC, www.pollinator.org) suggests not using herbicides and planting a garden just for pollinators. Extensive planting guides can be downloaded at the NAPPC website.
Send questions and comments to Dr. Scott Shalaway, 2222 Fish Ridge Road, Cameron, WV 26033 or by email at sshala...@aol.com.
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