Last week I flew from Pittsburgh to North Carolina via New York City. I took the scenic route and got to see lots of Pennsylvania and southern Appalachia from the air. It's a vantage point that reveals much about man's impact upon the land, especially large tracts of forest.
From 30,000 feet towns, farms, schools, malls, parking lots, and highways dot and bisect the forested landscape. Even in remote areas, power line rights of way and small country roads are visible. It's part of the price we pay to live the way we do.
For more than 30 years, ecologists have warned that fragmenting large chunks of forest was ecologically perilous. Many species of plants and animals require large tracts of unbroken forest.
Scarlet tanagers, wood thrushes, pileated woodpeckers, cerulean warblers, and worm-eating warblers are just a few of the deep forest birds that decline or even disappear when tracts of forest are broken into many small pieces. Biologists call this "forest fragmentation."
Forests fragmented by farmland and community development are lost until these areas are abandoned; forest-dwelling birds are unlikely to ever be seen in those areas again. Fragments created by timber harvest are relatively temporary. It may take 100 years, but if left untouched, these areas will revert to a forested condition.
Though forest-interior birds require large tracts of unbroken woodlands, fragmented forests also create conditions that lead to lower nesting success. Predators such as raccoons, coyotes, cats, blue jays and crows frequently raid bird nests, but they are not abundant deep inside large forests. Fragmentation caused by roads and other developments creates "edge habitat," discrete lines along the borders of forest and fields. The aforementioned predators thrive in edge habitat.
Brown-headed cowbirds also prefer edge habitat. Though not literally a predator, cowbirds are brood parasites. During the nesting season, female cowbirds watch from treetops to find nests of other species. Then each morning female cowbirds lay an egg in the nest of another species. Cowbird hens can lay up to 40 eggs during a single nesting season. Warblers, vireos and indigo buntings are among cowbirds' favorite hosts.
Cowbirds are members of the blackbird family, so their eggs and hatchlings are larger than the eggs and hatchlings of smaller host species. Furthermore, cowbird eggs usually hatch a day or two before host eggs.
Young cowbirds get a tremendous head start on their nest mates. They monopolize the food parents bring to the nest. The bottom line is that cowbird chicks in a host nest usually fledge successfully while the host chicks starve. Cowbirds may not be predators, but their presence reduces the population and nesting success of host species.
Last week I flew from Pittsburgh to North Carolina via New York City. I took the scenic route and got to see lots of Pennsylvania and southern Appalachia from the air. It's a vantage point that reveals much about man's impact upon the land, especially large tracts of forest.
From 30,000 feet towns, farms, schools, malls, parking lots, and highways dot and bisect the forested landscape. Even in remote areas, power line rights of way and small country roads are visible. It's part of the price we pay to live the way we do.
For more than 30 years, ecologists have warned that fragmenting large chunks of forest was ecologically perilous. Many species of plants and animals require large tracts of unbroken forest.
Scarlet tanagers, wood thrushes, pileated woodpeckers, cerulean warblers, and worm-eating warblers are just a few of the deep forest birds that decline or even disappear when tracts of forest are broken into many small pieces. Biologists call this "forest fragmentation."
Forests fragmented by farmland and community development are lost until these areas are abandoned; forest-dwelling birds are unlikely to ever be seen in those areas again. Fragments created by timber harvest are relatively temporary. It may take 100 years, but if left untouched, these areas will revert to a forested condition.
Though forest-interior birds require large tracts of unbroken woodlands, fragmented forests also create conditions that lead to lower nesting success. Predators such as raccoons, coyotes, cats, blue jays and crows frequently raid bird nests, but they are not abundant deep inside large forests. Fragmentation caused by roads and other developments creates "edge habitat," discrete lines along the borders of forest and fields. The aforementioned predators thrive in edge habitat.
Brown-headed cowbirds also prefer edge habitat. Though not literally a predator, cowbirds are brood parasites. During the nesting season, female cowbirds watch from treetops to find nests of other species. Then each morning female cowbirds lay an egg in the nest of another species. Cowbird hens can lay up to 40 eggs during a single nesting season. Warblers, vireos and indigo buntings are among cowbirds' favorite hosts.
Cowbirds are members of the blackbird family, so their eggs and hatchlings are larger than the eggs and hatchlings of smaller host species. Furthermore, cowbird eggs usually hatch a day or two before host eggs.
Young cowbirds get a tremendous head start on their nest mates. They monopolize the food parents bring to the nest. The bottom line is that cowbird chicks in a host nest usually fledge successfully while the host chicks starve. Cowbirds may not be predators, but their presence reduces the population and nesting success of host species.
From edges, predators and cowbirds routinely wander several hundred yards into forested areas. So to be safe, forest-nesting birds must stay at least 300 yards inside the edge. From the air, an observer can see that tracts of forest large enough to provide this buffer zone are uncommon.
Clearly, forest fragmentation is bad for forest-dwelling birds and other plants and animals that do best deep inside extensive tracts of trees.
On the other hand, many species of birds thrive in edge habitat. Robins, cardinals, song sparrows, downy woodpeckers, and many common backyard species routinely venture in and out of edges in both directions. The difference is these species thrive in edge habitat. Edges benefit common species, while forest-dwelling species decrease as edge habit increases.
The latest threat to large tracts of unbroken forest is the natural gas fracking industry that is proliferating in parts of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and soon New York. Drilling pads and access roads require clearing blocks of land. But the greater threat comes from the pipeline rights of way required to transport the natural gas. They crisscross the countryside like giant spider webs that snare deep forest dwelling wildlife.
I know the gas industry provides good jobs, and it warms my heart to see workers' license plates almost exclusively from Texas, Oklahoma, and Utah. A few weeks ago, a pickup from Alaska drove past my house to a nearby pipeline. But I can't help wondering if 50 years from now, when the gas boom is over, it will have been worth the ecological toll.
Send questions and comments to Dr. Scott Shalaway, 2222 Fish Ridge Road, Cameron, WV 26033 or email sshala...@aol.com.
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